Four genes for Tourette’s disorder discovered
Scientists have discovered four genes related with higher risk of developing Tourette’s disorder, although variants in as many as 400 genes contribute to the origins of complex neurological disorder marked by motor and vocal tics.
Proteins coding genes of more than 500 Tourette patients and unaffected parents by researcher of different departments. The results were published in Journal Neuron.
In addition one “high confidence” risk gene has been identified found in patients but not i parents and three other probable risk genes that contribute to Tourette. Frequency of spontaneous mutation is 0.12.
“The sheer number of genes involved may seem daunting, but if other complex neuropsychiatric disorders are an example, we will find that most cluster around a smaller number of biological processes,” said Yale’s Dr. Thomas V. Fernandez, assistant professor in the Child Study Center and the Department of Psychiatry, and co-lead author of the study. “We have been using the same treatments for more than 30 years, so we badly need new treatment options, and these genetic studies will move us closer to toward that goal.”
Dr. Robert King, professor and medical director for the Tourette’s clinic at the Child Study Center, was clinical coordinator for this study. A majority of the gene sequencing was conducted at the Yale Center for Genome Analysis at West Campus.
Publication: A. Jeremy Willsey, et al., “De Novo Coding Variants Are Strongly Associated with Tourette Disorder,” Neuron, 2017; doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.024
Mystery of Hawaiian Volcanoes Finally solved by the Geoscientists
The research, published this week in the journal Nature, involved an international team of geoscientists from the United States, Australia, UK and Denmark.
The study found that Hawaiian volcanoes formed along twin tracks — named the Loa and Kea tracks after the largest volcanoes in their sequence — due to a shift in the Pacific Plate’s direction 3 million years ago.
“Scientists had known of the existence of the Loa and Kea tracks since 1849, but the cause of them had remained a mystery until now,” said lead author Tim Jones, a Ph.D. student in the Research School of Earth Sciences at the Australian National University.
“The discovery helps to better reconstruct Earth’s history and understand part of the world that has captivated people’s imagination.”
“The analysis we did on past Pacific Plate motions is the first to reveal that there was a substantial change in motion 3 million years ago.”
“It helps to explain the origin of Hawaii, Earth’s biggest volcanic hotspot and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.”
Twin volcanic tracks exist in other parts of the Pacific, including Samoa, and the study found that these also emerged 3 million years ago.
“This kind of volcanic activity was surprising because it occurred away from tectonic plate boundaries, where most volcanoes are found,” Jones said.
“Heat from the Earth’s core causes hot columns of rock, called mantle plumes, to rise under tectonic plates and produce volcanic activity on the surface.”
“Mantle plumes have played a role in mass extinctions, the creation of diamonds and the breaking up of continents.”
Dr. Rhodri Davies, a researcher in the Research School of Earth Sciences at the Australian National University and co-author of the study, added: “the twin volcanic tracks emerged because the mantle plume was out of alignment with the direction of the plate motion.”
“Our hypothesis predicts that the plate and the plume will realign again at some stage in the future, and the two tracks will merge to form a single track once again.”
“Plate shifts have been occurring constantly, but irregularly, throughout Earth’s history,” Dr. Davies said.
“Looking further back in time we find that double tracks are not unique to young Hawaiian volcanism — indeed, they coincide with other past changes in plate motion.”
What is the current best mobile phone?
Best Current Mobile Phone in the Market
If we can see mostly best mobile phone comes in Android Operating system. If we go 2 year back Main focus of the companies is to increase the performance of device by Increase RAM or Processor. If we think about smartphone then main feature which also comes in mind is Camera of mobile phone because of Selfie craze. Now a days durability of phone is also became main focus of tech blogger and Tech companies. We select the below given best product on the basis of feature or function.- Best rough and tough phone till date
- 16MP primary camera (f/2.0 Aperture, 1.12 µm Pixel size) with high speed autofocus technology (PDAF), updated Electronic (EIS) and Optical (OIS) stabilization technologies protected by a more durable sapphire glass with a 16 MP front camera (f/2.0 Aperture, 1.0 µm Pixel size) capable of capturing improved low-light selfies and videos
- 13.97 centimeters (5.5-inch) Optic AMOLED Full HD capacitive touchscreen with 1920 x 1080 pixels resolution and 401 PPI pixel density
- Android OS, v6.0.1 (Marshmallow), upgradable to v7.1.1 (Nougat) with Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 MSM8996 Pro (2.35 GHz) quad core processor; Adreno 530 GPU 6GB LPDDR4 RAM, 64GB internal memory (UFS 2.0 Flash Storage), dual nano-SIM dual-standby (4G+4G),
- 3,400 mAh lithium-polymer battery (non-removable) powered by state-of-the-art Dash Charge (5V 4A) technology; NFC enabled, Bluetooth 4.2and reversible type-C connector
- 1 year manufacturer warranty for device and 6 months manufacturer warranty for in-box accessories including batteries from the date of purchase
Below you can find the all the specification of all the products with Review of USERs
[content-egg module=Amazon template=item] So user can get the best Mobile based on these review of mobile phonesPlant Tissue | Botany | Lecture notes of Botany
Botany Lecture Notes of Plant Tissue
Botany lecture notes preparmy covers the entire botany syllabus for botany courses in graduation and post graduation degree.What are Tissues ?
Tissues are groups of cells performing a similar function. Study of tissue is called Histology.Plant Tissues
Each plant organ is composed of specific number of different tissue and each are categorized according to their function, structure or origin. The plant tissue mainly divide into two types- MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
- Permanent tissues.
Meristematic Tissues
Unlike animals, plants have permanent regions of growth called meristems, or meristematic tissues, where cells actively divide. The new cell is produced is small, six sided. As the cell grow the vacuole occupy the 90% of the cell volumes. The meristematic tissues are classfied as-
Apical Meristem
2. Lateral Meristem
Lateral Meristem composed of cells which are responsible for the lateral growth of plant, or increase the diameter of plant stem. This type of growth is also called secondary growth. The vascular cambium and cork cambium in the diagram are Lateral Meristem.Vascular Cambium
Vascular Cambium function primarily in support and conduction. The cambium, which extends throughout the length of roots and stems in perennial and many annual plants, is in the form of a thin cylinder of mostly brickshaped cells. The cambial cylinder often branches, except at the tips, and the tissues it produces are responsible for most of the increase in a plant’s girth as it grows.Cork Cambium
It lies outside the Vascular cambium. Cork cambium is in the form of a thin cylinder that runs the length of roots and stems of woody plants. Both Cork cambium and vascular cambium are called secondary tissue because they are produced after the primary tissue are matured3. Intercalary Meristem
Intercalary Meristem is located in between permanent tissues. Grasses and related plants have intercalary Meristem tissues (they lack vascular and cork cambium) which are present in the vicinity of nodes. They are responsible for growth in length of the plant and increasing the size of the internode, They result in branch formation and growth.PERMANENT TISSUE
When the Meristematic tissues divide in the end they will produce the permanent tissue. Some permanent Tissue formed by the Meristems are- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma Tissue
Parenchyma meaning (para – ‘beside’; chyma – ‘in filling, loose, unpacked’) is the bulk of a substance. Parenchyma tissues are composed of parenchyma cell, which are abundant in the higher plants. When the parenchyma cells are produced they are spherical in shape, but when all parenchyma cells are push against one another, their thin wall is flattened as a result of which parenchyma cells of different share formed. Some parenchyma cells have space in between them (in water lilies, and other aquatic plants), the intercellular space is that much extensive that it make a network across the entire plant. These types of tissues are called aerenchyma. Some parenchyma cells contains numerous chloroplast and helps in photosynthesis. These types of parenchyma tissue are called chlorenchyma. When chloroplast is absent in the prenchyma cells these are mainly function as food or water storage . Some parenchyma cells develop the extensive inner cell wall, which will increase the surface area of cell, called transfer cell (found in carnivorous plants and nectaries flowers).Collenchyma tissue
Collenchyma cells (Fig. 4.3), like parenchyma cells, have living cytoplasm and may remain alive a long time. Their walls generally are thicker and more uneven in thickness than those of parenchyma cells. The unevenness is due to extra primary wall in the corners. Collenchyma cells often occur just beneath the epidermis; typically, they are longer than they are wide, and their walls are pliable as well as strong. They provide flexible support for both growing organs and mature organs, such as leaves and floral parts. The “strings” of celery that get stuck in our teeth, for example, are composed of collenchyma cells.Sclerenchyma tissue
Sclerenchyma tissue consists of cells that have thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated with lignin. Most sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity and function in support. Two forms of sclerenchyma occur: sclereids and fibers. Sclereids may be randomly distributed in other tissues. For example, the slightly gritty texture of pears is due to the presence of groups of sclereids, or stone cells, as they are sometimes called. The hardness of nut shells and the pits of peaches and other stone fruits is due to sclereids. Sclereids tend to be about as long as they are wide and sometimes occur in specific zones (e.g., the margins of camellia leaves) rather than being scattered within other tissues. Fibers may be found in association with a number of different tissues in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. They are usually much longer than they are wide and have a proportionately tiny cavity, or lumen, in the center of the cell.Complex Tissue
These are tissue which are formed by two or more types of cells which work together as a unit to perform certain task. Complex tissue helps in performing the major functions in the plants, ie. transportation of food, water and other material up and down. That is why they are also called conducting and vascular tissue.- Xylem or wood
- Phloem or bast
Xylem
Phloem
Phloem helps in distribute the food produced by photosynthesis to entire plants. The Phloem is composed of mostly two types of cells without secondary walls. Phloem mainly consist of Sieve tube, sieve cell, companion cell, phloem fiber and phloem parenchyma. Phloem is derived from the parent cells of the cambium, which also produce xylem cells; it often also includes fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells. Sieve tube members, like vessel elements, are laid end to end, forming sieve tubes. Unlike vessel elements, however, the end walls have no large openings; instead, the walls are full of small pores through which the cytoplasm extends from cell to cell. These porous regions of sieve tube members are called sieve plates.
Govt looks to pump Rs 30k cr in LPG production, distribution
The government is eyeing close to Rs 30,000-crore investment for expansion of LPG production and distribution network in next three years as it widens cooking gas coverage by giving out a record number of connections.
A record 3.45 crore LPG connections were given during the fiscal ended March 31, 2017, including 2.2 crore free connections to poor women, Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan told reporters here.
As many as 6 crore connections have been given in last three years, taking LPG to 72.84 per cent of the population.
The LPG coverage was just over 50 per cent when the NDA government took office in May 2014, he said.
Increasing LPG coverage is part of the government’s plan to cut on the use of polluting firewood and liquid fuel as medium of cooking. The use of LPG not just help environment but also increases productivity and prevent health hazards.
“When we took office, there were about 14 crore active LPG connections. In three years, this has gone up to 20.08 crore,” he said.
The main reason for the vast expansion is the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana of providing free cooking gas connection of below poverty line (BPL) women.
Under the scheme, the government bears the cost of Rs 1,600 for getting the connection.
“PMUY was launched on May 1, 2016 with a target to provide 5 crore connections in three years. The first year target was 1.5 crore. But we have done 2.2 crore connections in the first year,” he said.
Pradhan said his ministry is looking at raising the target of free LPG connections but a decision will be taken after consulting the finance ministry which has to provide the financial support.
For the 5 crore connections, Rs 8,000 crore was provisioned.
The ministry is targeting 3 crore connections including 1.5-2 crore under PMJY during the 2017-18 fiscal and another 4 crore in the following year. This would help take LPG coverage to 95.49 per cent of the population.
He said PMJY initially targeted less LPG coverage states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
As many as 56.05 lakh connections under PMJY have been distributed in Uttar Pradesh, taking LPG coverage to 74.5 per cent of the state population from 53 per cent previously. The state now has LPG coverage higher than the national average.
In Bihar 28.97 lakh new connections have taken the coverage to 45.5 per cent and West Bengal now has a coverage of 67 per cent after 29.12 lakh new connections were released.
Madhya Pradesh saw 22.91 lakh new connections to take the coverage to 56 per cent.
Pradhan said LPG consumption is growing in double digits with half of the demand being met through imports.
“To cater to this, we envisage an investment of the order of Rs 25,000 crore to Rs 30,000 crore in laying LPG pipelines, expanding bottling capacity and increasing import capacity,” he said.
Also, 10,000 new LPG distributors are envisages to be added. Of these, 4,600 have already been appointed, he said.
Cell (Biology) | Biology | Life Science
What is Cell?
Cell word comes from latin word “cella” means “room”. The burger or tomato you eat is composed of cells, and its contents soon become part of your cells. Cells are so much a part of life that we cannot imagine an organism that is not cellular in nature. English natural philosopher Robert Hooke was the first to observe cells in 1665, naming the shapes he saw in cork cellulae (Latin, “small rooms”). This is known to us as cells. Another early microscopist, Dutch Anton van Leeuwenhoek, first observed living cells, which he termed “animalcules,” or little animals.
The Cells are of two types
- Eukaryotic (contains Nucleus)
- Prokaryotic (lack nucleus) prokaryotic cells do not have an internal membrane system or numerous membrane-bounded organelles.
Cell Structure
Four major features all cells have in common:
(1) A nucleoid or nucleus where genetic material is located: In prokaryotes, the simplest organisms, most of the genetic material lies in a single circular molecule of DNA. It typically resides near the center of the cell in an area called the nucleoid. This area is not segregated, however, from the rest of the cell’s interior by membranes The nucleus contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. (Some genes are located in mitochondria and chloroplasts.) It is averaging about 5 ìm in diameter.is surrounded by a double-membrane structure called the nuclear envelope, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane. There is also much evidence for a nuclear matrix, a framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior. The nuclear lamina and matrix may help organize the genetic material so it functions efficiently. Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called chromosomes, structures that carry the genetic information. Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins. Some of the proteins help coil the DNA molecule of each chromosome, reducing its length and allowing it to fit into the nucleus. The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes is called chromatin. Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. For example, a typical human cell has 46 chromosomes in its nucleus; the exceptions are the sex cells (eggs and sperm), which have only 23 chromosomes in humans. A fruit fly cell has 8 chromosomes in most cells and 4 in the sex cells. Here a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA. The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) according to instructions provided by the DNA. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores. Once an mRNA molecule reaches the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate the mRNA’s genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide. (2) Cytoplasm: A semifluid matrix called the cytoplasm fills the interior of the cell. The cytoplasm contains all of the sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell uses to carry out its everyday activities. Although it is an aqueous medium, cytoplasm is more like Jell-O than water due to the high concentration of proteins and other macromolecules. We call any discrete macromolecular structure in the cytoplasm specialized for a particular function an organelle. The part of the cytoplasm that contains organic molecules and ions in solution is called the cytosol to distinguish it from the larger organelles suspended in this fluid. (3) Ribosomes to synthesize proteins: Ribosomes, which are complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis . Ribosomes are not membrane bounded and thus are not considered organelles. Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis have particularly large numbers of ribosomes as well as prominent nucleoli, which makes sense, given the role of nucleoli in ribosome assembly. For example, a human pancreas cell, which makes many digestive enzymes, has a few million ribosomes.
Organelles of Cell
- The Endoplasmic Reticulum: The word endoplasmic means “within the cytoplasm,” and reticulum is Latin for “little net.” It accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. The ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae (it means researve for liquid). It is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm. there are two region of Endoplasmic Reticulum. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (lack Ribosomes).
- The Golgi Apparatus: Golgi Apparatus is also called Ware house of the cell. Golgi as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. Here, products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations.
- Lysosomes: Lysosomes is the digestive compartment of the cell. A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules. The environment in this part of the cell is acidic which is suitable for the enzyme to digest the macromolecules, proteins and other engulf viruses or bacteria.
- Vacuoles: Vacuoles perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells. for eg. Food vacuoles, formed by phagocytosis, many unicellular eukaryotes living in fresh water have contractile vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
- Mitochondria: It is also called power house of the cell. The function of the mitochondria is energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate. Some cell having only one mitochondria and some having hundreds of them. Two membranes enclosing the mitochondrion is a phospholipid bilayer with a unique collection of embedded proteins. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is convoluted, with infoldings called cristae.
- Chloroplasts: It is mainly present in the plant cell and it contains the green pigment chlorophyll helps in trap the sun light which will be utilized for the photosynthesis. It is also enclosed by double membrane wall.
- Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product (from which the organelle derives its name). The peroxisomes use the oxygen to breakdown the fatty acids into smaller parts and which are then transport to the mitochondria.
Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
| Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes | |
|---|---|---|
| Typical organisms | bacteria, archaea | protists, fungi, plants, animals |
| Typical size | 1–5 µm | 10–100 µm |
| Type of nucleus | nucleoid region; no true nucleus | true nucleus with double membrane |
| DNA | circular (usually) | linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins |
| RNA/protein synthesis | coupled in the cytoplasm | RNA synthesis in the nucleus protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | 50S and 30S | 60S and 40S |
| Cytoplasmic structure | very few structures | highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton |
| Cell movement | flagella made of flagellin | flagella and cilia containing microtubules; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin |
| Mitochondria | none | one to several thousand |
| Chloroplasts | none | in algae and plants |
| Organization | usually single cells | single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells |
| Cell division | binary fission (simple division) | mitosis (fission or budding) meiosis |
| Chromosomes | single chromosome | more than one chromosome |
| Membranes | cell membrane | Cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles |
Bt Cotton future in India
Country’s first ever Bt cotton variety Developed by PAU
Bt cotton technology cannot be doubted as it had been always a valuable option for cotton growers compared to any other crop in its introductory years. But it has been facing some major constraints as challenges throughout its period, which caused a declining trend in terms of yield and net returns for the farmers. But the coming years are expected to bring some new revolution in the field of Bt cotton, as the rising trend is again on the marks. Development of Bt varieties resistant to sucking pests and whose seeds could be sown for the next coming season, were found to be important requirements for the comeback of Bt cotton cultivation in Punjab, which are seemed to be met soon, as Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) has developed the first genetically-modified (Bt) cotton seeds that can be reused, resulting in saving of lot of input costs to Bt cotton growers. The varieties are Identified as PAU Bt 1, F1861, RS 2013 by “Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. “PAU Bt 1 and F 1861 were developed by PAU, whereas, RS 2013 was developed at Rajasthan Agricultural University (RAU), Bikaner. While the PAU Bt 1 was completely developed at Punjab Agricultural University, the F 1861 and RS 2013 varieties were converted to Bt version by Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur. These new cotton varieties are great relief for the Punjab farmers suffering from the high input costs of cotton crop, provided the price of seeds of these varieties should be lower as compared to the other Bt cotton hybrid seeds in the market. This can help in rebuilding the faith of Punjab farmers in Bt cotton cultivation and raising their income and savings.Honey bees’ ability to fly can be damage by Pesticide
Previous Research on honey infected by crop insecticides
Previous research has shown that foraging honey bees that ingested neonicotinoid pesticides, crop insecticides that are commonly used in agriculture, were less likely to return to their home nest, leading to a decrease in foragers.Current Research ” Common pesticide damages honey bees’ ability to fly “
A science articles published April 26 in Scientific Reports by UC San Diego postdoctoral researcher Simone Tosi, Biology Professor James Nieh, along with Associate Professor Giovanni Burgio of the University of Bologna, Italy, describes in detail how the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam damages honey bees. Thiamethoxam is used in crops such as corn, soybeans and cotton. To test the hypothesis that the pesticide impairs flight ability, the researchers designed and constructed a flight mill (a bee flight-testing instrument) from scratch. This allowed them to fly bees under consistent and controlled conditions. Months of testing and data acquisition revealed that typical levels of neonicotinoid exposure, which bees could experience when foraging on agricultural crops — but below lethal levels — resulted in substantial damage to the honey bee’s ability to fly. “Our results provide the first demonstration that field-realistic exposure to this pesticide alone, in otherwise healthy colonies, can alter the ability of bees to fly, specifically impairing flight distance, duration and velocity” said Tosi. “Honey bee survival depends on its ability to fly, because that’s the only way they can collect food. Their flight ability is also crucial to guarantee crop and wild plant pollination.” Long-term exposure to the pesticide over one to two days reduced the ability of bees to fly. Short-term exposure briefly increased their activity levels. Bees flew farther, but based upon other studies, more erratically. “Bees that fly more erratically for greater distances may decrease their probability of returning home,” said Nieh, a professor in UC San Diego’s Division of Biological Sciences. This pesticide does not normally kill bees immediately. It has a more subtle effect, said Nieh. “The honey bee is a highly social organism, so the behavior of thousands of bees are essential for the survival of the colony,” said Nieh.” We’ve shown that a sub-lethal dose may lead to a lethal effect on the entire colony.” Honey bees carry out fundamentally vital roles in nature by providing essential ecosystem functions, including global pollination of crops and native plants. Declines in managed honey bee populations have raised concerns about future impacts on the environment, food security and human welfare. Neonicotinoid insecticides are neurotoxic and used around the world on broad varieties of crops, including common fruits and vegetables, through spray, soil and seed applications. Evidence of these insecticides has been found in the nectar, pollen and water that honey bees collect. “People are concerned about honey bees and their health being impaired because they are so closely tied to human diet and nutrition,” said Nieh. “Some of the most nutritious foods that we need to consume as humans are bee-pollinated.” Citiation: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01361-8Moon Village: Human outpost on Earth’s Natural Satellite, Not a moonbase
The space agencies of China and Europe are in talks to jointly build a Moon Village.
China and European Space Agency are planning to build a human outpost called Moon Village, which will be a human outpost on Earth’s natural satellite. This is disclosed by the Tian Yulong, the secretary general for China’s space Agency. This Moon Village base will also open the doors to space tourism and also used as the launch pad to other planets for example Mars. “The Chinese have a very ambitious moon program already in place,” ESA spokesman Pal Hvistendahl said, The New York Times reported. “Space has changed since the space race of the ’60s. We recognise that to explore space for peaceful purposes, we do international cooperation.” Pal Hvistendahl, a spokesperson for the European Space Agency (ESA), confirmed the discussions. “Space has changed since the space race of the sixties. We recognise that to explore space for peaceful purposes, we do international cooperation,” Mr. Hvistendahl was quoted as saying by the ‘Independent’ website.China other recent Space Programmes other the Moon Village
- China National Space Administration Sent the Unmanned cargo spacecraft Tianzhou 1 to dock with an unoccupied station in SpaceTiangong 2.
- China built up its program when china has country’s first crewed spaceflight in the year of 2003.
- The Chinese space agency also has plans to launch the Moon mission Chang’e 5 by the end of this year to collect lunar samples.
- ESA hopes to conduct a mission analysis on samples brought back by the Chang’e 5 mission.
Ganga Swachhta Sankalp Divas , May 2017 Current Affairs
Ganga Swachhta Sankalp Divas
Ganga Swachhta Sankalp Divas will be observing by the National Mission on Clean Ganga (NMCG) on May 02, 2017. The Ganga Swacchta Sankalp is not at one place, instead of it will be observing at different 12 location, namely- Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Bhagalpur, Sahibganj, Kolkata, Raj Ghat (Hardoi), Bithoor, Srinagar ( Uttarakhand), Vidhur Kuti (Bijnor) and Devprayag.National Mission on Clean Ganga (NMCG) will be observing Location: main at Vidhur kuti, Srinagar at other 30 locations Organised by: Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga RejuvenationObjective of Ganga Swachhta Sankalp Divas
- to spread awareness and evoke active involvement of the masses through Ganga Swachhta Sankalp
- to develop a sense of pride and ownership among citizens to engender support for Namami Gange programme
- reiterating their commitment to Swachh Ganga through a series of events like Swachhta sandesh rally, Shram daan, plantation, Swachhta sankalp etc.